Which visual references are required to be visible to descend below MDA/DH?

The requirement to see at least one specified visual reference to descend below Minimum Descent Altitude (MDA) or Decision Height (DH) is grounded in the principles of aviation safety and instrument flight regulations. This requirement ensures that pilots have adequate visual cues to confirm their position relative to the runway and obstacles during the final stages of approach, thereby ensuring a safe descent and landing.

When a pilot is on approach and reaches the MDA or DH, they must have visual confirmation of specific landmarks or features—such as the runway environment, traffic patterns, or approach lighting—to continue the descent safely. This visual confirmation is crucial because it helps the pilot assess whether they are aligned appropriately with the runway and clear of potential hazards.

In contrast, while being aware of any obstacle on the approach is important, it does not fulfill the requirement for visual confirmation necessary for a safe descent. Simply seeing only runway markings without any other references might not be sufficient either, as comprehensive awareness of the environment is vital. Prioritizing altitude over visibility contradicts the safe operational context concluded in regulations whereby visibility is paramount for maintaining situational awareness during the approach and landing phases.

Thus, option C encapsulates the important regulatory and safety principles that govern visual references essential for descending below M